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Baiju (folk art)
Baiju (), also called Baiqu (), originating from the rural Luhe District, formed during the Yuan dynasty, is a traditional type of singing and a form of Quyi. It has a history of more than 600 years. Though belittled by the upper class, Baiju was very popular among the lower classes. It is also the only kind of old local opera in Nanjing, known as a native art which singing and telling in the Nanjing dialect and particularly rich in rhyme. Baiju is often performed in the form of a solo monologue or in the form of a dialogue, just like Xiangsheng (a traditional Chinese oral art). When acted, it needs from two performers to five performers.〔Wu Ge, & Wan Xiu-mei. (2006). Local art of Nanjing: the artistic characteristics and cultural value of Nanjing Baiju (论南京地方曲艺"南京白局"的艺术特色和文化价值). ''Hundred Schools in Arts'' (艺术百家), 88 (2), 186-189.〕 It is very easy to understand with strong local characteristics, but unfortunately, due to the decline of both performers and audiences, the prospects for Baiju are not optimistic. The origin of its name is performers not receiving any pay for their show ("Bai" here means "free" and "ju" here means " a show").〔
==History==
Baiju has a history of over 600 years, although the earliest Baiju performers and tunes are untraceable nowadays. Baiju originated between the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty, like other folk arts in China which were ignored by the ruling class and literary men. The earliest known of Baiju is mentioned in Li Dou (李鬥; a Qing dynasty drama writer)'s ''A Record of Yangzhou Gaily-Painted Pleasure-Boats'' (揚州畫舫錄). In the book, the author mentioned a labelled tune of Yangzhou ditty (揚州清曲), named the "Nanjing Tune" (南京調), which was becoming more and more popular. This "Nanjing Tune" was one tune label in Baiju then, and "Nanjing Tune" is still a basic tune label in Baiju today.〔Ren Feiyi. (2010). The blossom of Quyi blooming on the cloud-pattern brocade—a discussion on the artistic characteristics of Nanjing Baiju (盛开于云锦之上的曲艺之花—试论南京白局的艺术特征).''Yellow River of the Song'' (黄河之声), 319 (10), 80-81.ISSN 1810-2980.〕 Baiju was transmitted only by the laboring people.〔Xue Lei. (2011). Local art of Nanjing: the history and the current situation (南京白局的历史与现状). ''Journal of Jiangsu Institute of Education (Social Science Edition)'', 27 (5), 171-121. ISSN 1671-1696.〕 Baiju started from the workers who worked in brocade workshop. As a derivative of cloud-pattern brocade, the entertainment during breaks in work at the cloud-pattern brocade loom rooms marked the beginning of Baiju art. The cloud-pattern brocade workers lived in a painful life. It is a complex and monotonous job to weaving cloud-pattern brocades, even though a journeyman has to spend years of time to finish one. Due to Nanjing's climate, cold in winter and hot in summer, the workers labored in harsh conditions for low pay. To divert themselves from the monotony of their jobs, workers started singing popular ditties, which developed into Baiju. At that time, these workers talked about history, folktales and social news by the tunes of Ming and Qing dynasty folk songs.〔 Another folk art form in Nanjing called "Hongju" (紅局), had a close relationship with Baiju. Associated with the fact that Baiju becoming more and more popular among the citizens, and many cloud-pattern brocade workers lost their jobs in the low season, some of them changed their careers.〔Xue Lei. (2011). Local art of Nanjing: the history and the current situation (南京白局的历史与现状). '' Journal of Jiangsu Institute of Education (Social Science Edition)'' (江苏教育学院学报 (社会科学版)), 27 (5), 171-121. ISSN 1671-1696.〕 They sang tunes which were sung in loom room before asking for monetary reward, and the very tunes here they sang called "Hongju". So researchers consider these two labelled tunes as a same art form.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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